Столкнулся на собеседованиях с подобными вопросами, решил вспомнить все ;)
- Абстрактные классы
- Интерфейсы
- Отличия Абстрактные классы и Интерфейсы
- Трейты
Абстрактные классы Класс, который содержит по крайней мере один абстрактный метод, должен быть определен как абстрактный. Следует помнить, что нельзя создать экземпляр абстрактного класса. Методы, объявленные абстрактными, несут, по существу, лишь описательный смысл и не могут включать реализации (метод должен быть определён в дочернем классе)
abstract class AbstractClass { /* Данный метод должен быть определён в дочернем классе */ abstract protected function getValue(); abstract protected function prefixValue($prefix); /* Общий метод */ public function printOut() { print $this->getValue() . "\n"; } } class ConcreteClass1 extends AbstractClass { protected function getValue() { return "ConcreteClass1"; } public function prefixValue($prefix) { return "{$prefix}ConcreteClass1"; } } $class1 = new ConcreteClass1; $class1->printOut(); echo $class1->prefixValue('FOO_') ."\n";
Интерфейсы объектов позволяют создавать код, который указывает, какие методы и свойства должен включать класс, без необходимости описывания их функционала. Тела методов интерфейсов должны быть пустыми. Все методы, определенные в интерфейсы должны быть публичными, что следует из самой природы интерфейса. Могут содержать константы, константы перекрывать нельзя
interface a { public function foo(); } interface b extends a { public function baz(Baz $baz); } // Это сработает class c implements b { public function foo() { } public function baz(Baz $baz) { } } // Это не сработает и выдаст фатальную ошибку class d implements b { public function foo() { } public function baz(Foo $foo) { } } //коррктный вариант interface c extends a, b
Отличия Абстрактных классов и интерфейсов:
Abstract Class | Interface |
---|---|
Абстрактные методы нужно указывать явно с помощью ключевого слова abstract | Все методы являются абстрактными |
Абстрактные методы можно объявлять с идентификаторами доступа (public, protected, private). При реализации в классе-потомке методы должны иметь такой же модификатор или менее ограниченный | Все методы публичные |
Может содержать методы с реализацией, поля члены данных, константы. | Может содержать константы |
В силу отсутствия множественного наследования, класс может наследовать только один абстрактный класс. | Класс может наследовать много интерфейсов |
Трейты - механизм обеспечения повторного использования кода , предназначены для уменьшения некоторых ограничений единого наследования, позволяя повторно использовать наборы методов свободно, в нескольких независимых классах и реализованных с использованием разных архитектур построения классов. Трейт очень похож на класс, но предназначен для групирования функционала хорошо структурированым и последовательным образом. Невозможно создать самостоятельный экземпляр трейта.
trait ezcReflectionReturnInfo { function getReturnType() { /*1*/ } function getReturnDescription() { /*2*/ } } class ezcReflectionMethod extends ReflectionMethod { use ezcReflectionReturnInfo; /* ... */ } class ezcReflectionFunction extends ReflectionFunction { use ezcReflectionReturnInfo; /* ... */ }
Наследуемый член из базового класса переопределяется членом, находящимся в трейте. Порядок приоритета следующий: члены из текущего класса переопределяют методы в трейте, которые в свою очередь переопределяют унаследованные методы.
trait Hello { public function sayHello() { echo 'Hello '; } } trait World { public function sayWorld() { echo 'World'; } } class MyHelloWorld { use Hello, World; public function sayExclamationMark() { echo '!'; } } $o = new MyHelloWorld(); $o->sayHello(); $o->sayWorld(); $o->sayExclamationMark();
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